Barcelona

Barcelona is where the cannabis social club model scaled, and where it has been squeezed hardest since. Catalonia passed its own law regulating the associations in 2017; the Constitutional Court struck it down in full the following year, holding that controlled substances are a matter for the state. What actually governs the clubs here is therefore planning law: the city's 2016 PEUAT plan caps where an association may operate and sets minimum distances from schools and from each other, and in 2024 the council closed thirty clubs that fell outside it. That is why the entries below are built from the municipal premises census rather than from association records alone — a club that holds a surveyed, classified premises is one that has stayed inside the planning rules.